SRL Archive - Non-RuneScape Scripts

A simple 3D Rendering engine that loads the .obj file format and displays 3D models.

Screenshot:

program new;

const
  FILE_NAME = 'monkey.obj';

  SCREEN_WIDTH = 600;
  SCREEN_HEIGHT = 400;

type

  TPoint3D = record
    x, y, z: Extended;
  end;
  TVector3D = TPoint3D;

  TMatrix3x3 = record
    Data: Array of Extended;
  end;

  TMatrix4x4 = record
    Data: Array[0..15] of Extended;
  end;

  TTriangleFace = record
    a, b, c: Integer;
  end;

  TEntity = record
    Name: String;
    Vertices: Array of TPoint3D;
    VertexNormals: Array of TPoint3D;
    Faces: Array of TTriangleFace;
    FaceNormals: Array of TVector3D;
    WorldPosition: TPoint3D;
  end;

  TLight = record
    Direction: TVector3D;
  end;


var
  MainForm: TForm;
  StartButton: TButton;


function Point3D(x, y, z: Extended): TPoint3D;
begin
  Result.x := x;
  Result.y := y;
  Result.z := z;
end;

function Vector3D(x, y, z: Extended): TVector3D;
begin
  Result.x := x;
  Result.y := y;
  Result.z := z;
end;

function Multiply_Point3D_Matrix3x3(p: TPoint3D; m: TMatrix3x3): TPoint3D;
begin
  Result.x := (m.Data[0] * p.x) + (m.Data[1] * p.y) + (m.Data[2] * p.z);
  Result.y := (m.Data[3] * p.x) + (m.Data[4] * p.y) + (m.Data[5] * p.z);
  Result.z := (m.Data[6] * p.x) + (m.Data[7] * p.y) + (m.Data[8] * p.z);
end;

function DeclareLighting: Array of TLight;
begin
  SetLength(Result, 1);

  Result[0].Direction := Vector3D(-2.0, 2.0, 2.0);
end;

procedure DrawLine(c: TCanvas; p1, p2: TPoint; Color: Integer);
begin
  c.Pen.Color := Color;
  c.MoveTo(p1.x, p1.y);
  c.LineTo(p2.x, p2.y);
end;

procedure DrawPixel(c: TCanvas; x, y, Color: Integer);
begin
  DrawLine(c, Point(x, y), Point(x, y+1), Color);
end;



procedure DrawTriangleF(const Canvas: TCanvas; const p1, p2, p3: TPoint; Color: Integer);
var
  DxyLeft, DxyRight, xs, xe, tv1, tv2: Extended;
  i: Integer;
begin
  tv1 := (p3.x-p1.x);
  tv2 := (p3.y-p1.y);
  DxyLeft := tv1/tv2;
  tv1 := p2.x-p1.x;
  tv2 := p2.y-p1.y;
  DxyRight := tv1/tv2;

  xs := p1.x;
  xe := p1.x;

  if p1.y < p2.y then
    for i := p1.y to p2.y do
    begin
      DrawLine(Canvas, Point(round(xs), i), Point(round(xe), i), Color);
      xs := xs + DxyLeft;
      xe := xe + DxyRight;
    end
  else
    for i := p1.y downto p2.y do
    begin
      DrawLine(Canvas, Point(Round(xs), i), Point(Round(xe), i), Color);
      xs := xs - DxyLeft;
      xe := xe - DxyRight;
    end;
end;

procedure DrawTriangle(const Canvas: TCanvas; const p1, p2, p3: TPoint; Color: Integer);
var
  tv1, tv2, dxy: Extended;
  tpay: TPointArray;
  FourthPoint: TPoint;
begin
  tpay := [p1, p2, p3];

  SortTPAByY(tpay, True);

  if (tpay[0].y = tpay[1].y) and (tpay[0].y = tpay[2].y) and (tpay[1].y = tpay[2].y) then
    Exit;

  if (tpay[0].y = tpay[1].y) then
  begin
    DrawTriangleF(Canvas, tpay[2], tpay[0], tpay[1], Color);
    Exit;
  end else
    if (tpay[1].y = tpay[2].y) then
    begin
      DrawTriangleF(Canvas, tpay[0], tpay[1], tpay[2], Color);
      Exit;
    end;

  tv1 := (tpay[2].x-tpay[0].x);
  tv2 := (tpay[2].y-tpay[0].y);
  dxy := tv1/tv2;

  FourthPoint := Point(Round(tpay[0].x + (dxy * (tpay[1].y - tpay[0].y))), tpay[1].y);

  DrawTriangleF(Canvas, tpay[0], FourthPoint, tpay[1], Color);
  DrawTriangleF(Canvas, tpay[2], tpay[1], FourthPoint, Color);

end;

function SplitRegExprEx(Expr, Data: string): TStringArray;
var
  DataArr: TStringList;
  I: integer;
begin
  DataArr := TStringList.Create;
  try
    SplitRegExpr(Expr, Data, DataArr);
    SetArrayLength(Result, DataArr.Count);
    for I := 0 to DataArr.Count - 1 do
      Result[I] := DataArr.Strings[I];
  finally
    DataArr.Free;
  end;
end;

function CombineStringArrays(const a: Array of TStringArray): TStringArray;
var
  i, j, c, l, h: Integer;
begin
  h := High(a);
  for i := 0 to h do
    IncEx(l, Length(a[i]));

  SetLength(Result, l);

  c := 0;

  for i := 0 to h do
    for j := 0 to High(a[i]) do
    begin
      Result[c] := a[i][j];
      Inc(c);
    end;
end;

function LoadEntity(FileName: String): TEntity;
var
  OBJFile: Longint;
  OBJString: String;
  i, j, c, a, b, f, SLength, tl: integer;
  S: TStringArray;
  SL: Array of TStringArray;
  Face: TStringArray;
  TmpVertexNormals: Array of TVector3D;
begin
  OBJFile := OpenFile(FileName, True);
  ReadFileString(OBJFile, OBJString, FileSize(OBJFile));
  CloseFile(OBJFile);
  S := SplitRegExprEx('\n', OBJString);

  SLength := Length(S);
  SetLength(SL, SLength);

  c := 0;

  for i := 0 to SLength-1 do
  begin
    if Length(S[i]) <> 0 then
      if not ExecRegExpr('#', S[i]) then
      begin
        SL[c] := SplitRegExprEx('\s', S[i]);
        Inc(c);
      end;
  end;

  SetLength(SL, c);
  tl := Length(SL);
  SetLength(Result.Vertices, tl);
  SetLength(TmpVertexNormals, tl);
  SetLength(Result.Faces, tl);
  SetLength(Result.VertexNormals, tl);

  a := 0;
  b := 0;
  f := 0;
  for i := 0 to c-1 do

    if SL[i][0] = 'v' then
    begin
      Result.Vertices[a] := Point3d(StrToFloat(SL[i][1]), StrToFloat(SL[i][2]), StrToFloat(SL[i][3]));
      Inc(a);
    end else

      if SL[i][0] = 'vn' then
      begin
        TmpVertexNormals[b] := Vector3d(StrToFloat(SL[i][1]), StrToFloat(SL[i][2]), StrToFloat(SL[i][3]));
        Inc(b);
      end else

        if SL[i][0] = 'f' then
        begin
          Face := CombineStringArrays([SplitRegExprEx('\/', SL[i][1]),
                                       SplitRegExprEx('\/', SL[i][2]),
                                       SplitRegExprEx('\/', SL[i][3])]);

          Result.Faces[f].a := StrToInt(Face[0])-1;
          Result.Faces[f].b := StrToInt(Face[3])-1;
          Result.Faces[f].c := StrToInt(Face[6])-1;

          //WriteLn(Result.Faces[f]);
          Result.VertexNormals[Result.Faces[f].a] := TmpVertexNormals[StrToInt(Face[2])-1];
          Result.VertexNormals[Result.Faces[f].b] := TmpVertexNormals[StrToInt(Face[5])-1];
          Result.VertexNormals[Result.Faces[f].c] := TmpVertexNormals[StrToInt(Face[8])-1];

          Inc(f);
        end;

  SetLength(Result.Vertices, a);
  SetLength(Result.VertexNormals, b);
  SetLength(Result.Faces, f);
  Result.Name := FILE_NAME;
  Result.WorldPosition := Point3D(0, 0, 5.0);
end;

function PerspectiveProject(Vertices: Array of TPoint3D): TPointArray;
var
  h, i: Integer;
begin
  SetLength(Result, Length(Vertices));
  h := High(Vertices);

  for i := 0 to h do
    with Result[i] do
    begin
      x := Round((Vertices[i].x * (1.0 / Vertices[i].z)) * 400);
      y := Round((Vertices[i].y * (1.0 / Vertices[i].z)) * 400);
    end;
end;

function RotatePointsY(p: Array of TPoint3D; pheta{radians}: Extended): Array of TPoint3D;
var
  m: TMatrix3x3;
  i, l: integer;
begin
  SetLength(m.Data, 9);
  m.Data := [Cos(pheta), 0, Sin(pheta),
                   0, 1, 0,
                   -Sin(pheta), 0, Cos(pheta)];
  //WriteLn(p);

  l := Length(p);
  SetLength(Result, l);
  for i := 0 to l-1 do
    Result[i] := Multiply_Point3D_Matrix3x3(p[i], m);

  //WriteLn(Result);
end;

function V_Subtract(vr1, vr2: TVector3D): TVector3D;
begin
  Result.x := vr1.x - vr2.x;
  Result.y := vr1.y - vr2.y;
  Result.z := vr1.z - vr2.z;
end;

function Dot(vr1, vr2: TVector3D): Extended;
begin
    Result := vr1.x * vr2.x + vr1.y * vr2.y + vr1.z * vr2.z;
end;

function Cross(vr1, vr2: TVector3D): TVector3D;
begin
    Result := Vector3D(   (vr1.y * vr2.z) - (vr1.z * vr2.y),
                                        (vr1.z * vr2.x) - (vr1.x * vr2.z),
                                        (vr1.x * vr2.y) - (vr1.y * vr2.x));
end;

function BackfaceCull(var e: TEntity): array of Boolean;
var
  u, v, FaceNormal, CameraVector: TVector3D;
  p1, p2, p3: TPoint3D;
  i, Len: Integer;
  Check: Extended;
begin
  Len := Length(e.Faces);
  SetLength(Result, Len);
  SetLength(e.FaceNormals, Len);
  for i := 0 to Len-1 do
  begin
    p1 := e.Vertices[e.Faces[i].a];
    p2 := e.Vertices[e.Faces[i].b];
    p3 := e.Vertices[e.Faces[i].c];
    u := V_Subtract(p2, p1);
    v := V_Subtract(p3, p1);

    e.FaceNormals[i] := Cross(u, v);

    CameraVector := Vector3D(0, 0, 1);

    Check := Dot(e.FaceNormals[i], CameraVector);

    Result[i] := Check >= 0;
  end;
end;

function CalculateFaceColor(FaceNormal: TVector3D; Lighting: Array of TLight): Integer;
var
  Len, i: Integer;
  a: Extended;
begin
  Len := Length(Lighting);
  for i := 0 to Len-1 do
    a := Dot(Lighting[i].Direction, FaceNormal);

  Result := HSLToColor(1, 0, 100 - (100*a)*1.6);
end;

procedure Render(Sender: TObject);
var
  Cube: TEntity;
  i, j, L, Offsetx, Offsety, t, fp1, fp2, FaceColor: Integer;
  mbmp: TMufasaBitmap;
  tbmp: TBitmap;
  CubePoints: TPointArray;
  p1, p2: TPoint;
  Backfaces: Array of Boolean;
  Lighting: Array of TLight;
begin

  Cube := LoadEntity(FILE_NAME);
  Lighting := DeclareLighting;
  t := GetSystemTime;

  L := Length(Cube.Vertices);

  Cube.Vertices := RotatePointsY(Cube.Vertices, radians(180.0));

  Backfaces := BackfaceCull(Cube);

  for i := 0 to L-1 do                                        // change to Matrix transformation if speed permits
  begin
    Cube.Vertices[i].x := Cube.Vertices[i].x + Cube.WorldPosition.x;
    Cube.Vertices[i].y := Cube.Vertices[i].y + Cube.WorldPosition.y;
    Cube.Vertices[i].z := Cube.Vertices[i].z + Cube.WorldPosition.z;
  end;




  //WriteLn(Cube.Vertices);
  CubePoints := PerspectiveProject(Cube.Vertices);

  Offsetx := SCREEN_WIDTH / 2;
  Offsety := SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2;

  for i := 0 to L - 1 do
  begin
    CubePoints[i].x := CubePoints[i].x + Offsetx;
    CubePoints[i].y := (-CubePoints[i].y) + Offsety;
  end;

  mbmp := TMufasaBitmap.Create;
  mbmp.SetSize(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT);
  //mbmp.DrawTPA(CubePoints, clWhite);
  tbmp := mbmp.ToTBitmap;

  //WriteLn(CubePoints[Cube.Faces[2].b]);

  for i := 0 to High(Cube.Faces) do
  begin
    if Backfaces[i] then
      Continue;
    FaceColor := CalculateFaceColor(Cube.FaceNormals[i], Lighting);
    DrawTriangle(tbmp.Canvas, CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].a], CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].b], CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].c], FaceColor);
    //WriteLn(Cube.FaceNormals[i]);
    {for j := 0 to 2 do
    begin
      fp1 := j;
      fp2 := (j+1) mod 3;
      //Writeln(i);
      case fp1 of
        0: p1 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].a];
        1: p1 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].b];
        2: p1 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].c];
      end;
      case fp2 of
        0: p2 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].a];
        1: p2 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].b];
        2: p2 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].c];
      end;
      //writeln(p1);
      DrawLine(tbmp.Canvas, p1, p2, clBlack);
    end;     }
  end;

  mbmp.LoadFromTBitmap(tbmp);
  mbmp.DrawToCanvas(0, 0, MainForm.Canvas);
  WriteLn(GetSystemTime - t);
end;

procedure InitForm;
begin
  MainForm := TForm.Create(nil);

  with MainForm do
  begin
    Caption := 'Pumbaa';
    Width := SCREEN_WIDTH;
    Height := SCREEN_HEIGHT;
    Position := poScreenCenter;
  end;

  StartButton := TButton.Create(MainForm);
  with StartButton do
  begin
    Parent := MainForm;
    Caption := 'Start';
    OnClick := @Render;
  end;



end;

procedure SafeInitForm;
var
  v: TVariantArray;
begin
  setarraylength(V, 0);
  ThreadSafeCall('InitForm', v);
end;

procedure ShowFormModal;
begin
  MainForm.ShowModal;
end;

procedure SafeShowFormModal;
var
  v: TVariantArray;
begin
  setarraylength(V, 0);
  ThreadSafeCall('ShowFormModal', v);
end;

procedure ShowForm;
begin
  SafeInitForm;
  SafeShowFormModal;
end;

begin
  ShowForm;
end.

Save the following as "monkey.obj" in the same directory as you save the above:

# Blender v2.61 (sub 0) OBJ File: ''
# www.blender.org
o Monkey
v 0.437500 0.176654 0.762818
v -0.437500 0.176654 0.762818
v 0.500000 0.105064 0.685862
v -0.500000 0.105064 0.685862
v 0.546875 0.064205 0.577146
v -0.546875 0.064205 0.577146
v 0.351562 -0.013266 0.617490
v -0.351562 -0.013266 0.617490
v 0.351562 0.043087 0.718138
v -0.351562 0.043087 0.718138
v 0.351562 0.145666 0.778956
v -0.351562 0.145666 0.778956
v 0.273438 0.177169 0.794064
v -0.273438 0.177169 0.794064
v 0.203125 0.105965 0.740542
v -0.203125 0.105965 0.740542
v 0.156250 0.065363 0.647449
v -0.156250 0.065363 0.647449
v 0.078125 0.252966 0.652171
v -0.078125 0.252966 0.652171
v 0.140625 0.254382 0.738097
v -0.140625 0.254382 0.738097
v 0.242188 0.255283 0.792777
v -0.242188 0.255283 0.792777
v 0.273438 0.341209 0.791361
v -0.273438 0.341209 0.791361
v 0.203125 0.402800 0.735651
v -0.203125 0.402800 0.735651
v 0.156250 0.448124 0.641142
v -0.156250 0.448124 0.641142
v 0.351562 0.525723 0.608609
v -0.351562 0.525723 0.608609
v 0.351562 0.464905 0.711187
v -0.351562 0.464905 0.711187
v 0.351562 0.372197 0.775223
v -0.351562 0.372197 0.775223
v 0.437500 0.340694 0.760115
v -0.437500 0.340694 0.760115
v 0.500000 0.401899 0.680971
v -0.500000 0.401899 0.680971
v 0.546875 0.446965 0.570839
v -0.546875 0.446965 0.570839
v 0.625000 0.251422 0.558434
v -0.625000 0.251422 0.558434
v 0.562500 0.253224 0.667794
v -0.562500 0.253224 0.667794
v 0.468750 0.254640 0.753720
v -0.468750 0.254640 0.753720
v 0.476562 0.254897 0.769342
v -0.476562 0.254897 0.769342
v 0.445312 0.348763 0.775609
v -0.445312 0.348763 0.775609
v 0.351562 0.388206 0.798400
v -0.351562 0.388206 0.798400
v 0.265625 0.349407 0.814667
v -0.265625 0.349407 0.814667
v 0.226562 0.255669 0.816211
v -0.226562 0.255669 0.816211
v 0.265625 0.169743 0.817627
v -0.265625 0.169743 0.817627
v 0.351562 0.255798 0.824023
v -0.351562 0.255798 0.824023
v 0.351562 0.130429 0.802648
v -0.351562 0.130429 0.802648
v 0.445312 0.169100 0.778570
v -0.445312 0.169100 0.778570
v 0.000000 0.441857 0.735008
v 0.000000 0.365029 0.814409
v 0.000000 -0.667496 0.745473
v 0.000000 -0.307398 0.786421
v 0.000000 -0.174346 0.799856
v 0.000000 -0.761491 0.731395
v 0.000000 0.416106 0.594788
v 0.000000 0.579631 0.560839
v 0.000000 0.889306 -0.561603
v 0.000000 0.548394 -0.860714
v 0.000000 0.056660 -0.829171
v 0.000000 -0.388553 -0.345208
v 0.203125 -0.178207 0.565513
v -0.203125 -0.178207 0.565513
v 0.312500 -0.428045 0.577443
v -0.312500 -0.428045 0.577443
v 0.351562 -0.685822 0.581690
v -0.351562 -0.685822 0.581690
v 0.367188 -0.881752 0.545851
v -0.367188 -0.881752 0.545851
v 0.328125 -0.936561 0.538940
v -0.328125 -0.936561 0.538940
v 0.179688 -0.959480 0.570572
v -0.179688 -0.959480 0.570572
v 0.000000 -0.974717 0.594264
v 0.437500 -0.131854 0.533495
v -0.437500 -0.131854 0.533495
v 0.632812 -0.030176 0.539633
v -0.632812 -0.030176 0.539633
v 0.828125 0.155754 0.442807
v -0.828125 0.155754 0.442807
v 0.859375 0.439411 0.586590
v -0.859375 0.439411 0.586590
v 0.710938 0.494606 0.616935
v -0.710938 0.494606 0.616935
v 0.492188 0.612807 0.677496
v -0.492188 0.612807 0.677496
v 0.320312 0.769808 0.721790
v -0.320312 0.769808 0.721790
v 0.156250 0.731137 0.745868
v -0.156250 0.731137 0.745868
v 0.062500 0.504477 0.741789
v -0.062500 0.504477 0.741789
v 0.164062 0.426749 0.766511
v -0.164062 0.426749 0.766511
v 0.125000 0.317260 0.760501
v -0.125000 0.317260 0.760501
v 0.203125 0.105965 0.740542
v -0.203125 0.105965 0.740542
v 0.375000 0.027207 0.702772
v -0.375000 0.027207 0.702772
v 0.492188 0.073561 0.670754
v -0.492188 0.073561 0.670754
v 0.625000 0.198158 0.645260
v -0.625000 0.198158 0.645260
v 0.640625 0.307518 0.643458
v -0.640625 0.307518 0.643458
v 0.601562 0.385890 0.657794
v -0.601562 0.385890 0.657794
v 0.429688 0.449282 0.711445
v -0.429688 0.449282 0.711445
v 0.250000 0.481171 0.749987
v -0.250000 0.481171 0.749987
v 0.000000 -0.753422 0.746889
v 0.109375 -0.706554 0.746117
v -0.109375 -0.706554 0.746117
v 0.117188 -0.824111 0.724613
v -0.117188 -0.824111 0.724613
v 0.062500 -0.871237 0.709763
v -0.062500 -0.871237 0.709763
v 0.000000 -0.879178 0.702080
v 0.000000 -0.182930 0.753116
v 0.000000 -0.128378 0.744404
v 0.101562 -0.136190 0.744532
v -0.101562 -0.136190 0.744532
v 0.125000 -0.214175 0.753631
v -0.125000 -0.214175 0.753631
v 0.085938 -0.276796 0.746849
v -0.085938 -0.276796 0.746849
v 0.398438 -0.035799 0.672556
v -0.398438 -0.035799 0.672556
v 0.617188 0.064977 0.624014
v -0.617188 0.064977 0.624014
v 0.726562 0.213008 0.598134
v -0.726562 0.213008 0.598134
v 0.742188 0.385761 0.649983
v -0.742188 0.385761 0.649983
v 0.687500 0.425976 0.719642
v -0.687500 0.425976 0.719642
v 0.437500 0.559929 0.787757
v -0.437500 0.559929 0.787757
v 0.312500 0.654310 0.825270
v -0.312500 0.654310 0.825270
v 0.203125 0.631133 0.841279
v -0.203125 0.631133 0.841279
v 0.101562 0.443530 0.836556
v -0.101562 0.443530 0.836556
v 0.125000 -0.088163 0.814063
v -0.125000 -0.088163 0.814063
v 0.210938 -0.433539 0.718177
v -0.210938 -0.433539 0.718177
v 0.250000 -0.691703 0.698991
v -0.250000 -0.691703 0.698991
v 0.265625 -0.809261 0.677487
v -0.265625 -0.809261 0.677487
v 0.234375 -0.903513 0.647786
v -0.234375 -0.903513 0.647786
v 0.164062 -0.919136 0.648043
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s off
f 47//1 1//1 3//1
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This looks epic!!!! I might do some secret work on it now that I know it's possible.. I asked this question before and not a single person besides DGBY and Richard knew what I was talking about..

My question was actually if simba can render 3D images so I can use Gouraud/Phong shading on it..

Try it! I will try it :)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_shading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouraud_shading

Gourad shading is easy, I've already started it. You just need the vertex normals (which my parser already stores) and rasterize triangles with interpolation between the 3 colours. Give me 10 minutes and I'll post an example. :P Phong will take far too long in Simba unfortunately.

I'm glad someone's interested. What would be very cool is to make a Simba Community game.

From: ReadySteadyGo
What would be very cool is to make a Simba Community game.

It would sure be an interesting project. But wouldn't making the game in simba make it very slow?

Ooooh this looks interesting *subscribes*

Very cool!

I did say 10 minutes, but I got stuck on interpolation. Thought people might find this interesting:

Will implement gouroud now.


Thanks everyone

wow, quite interesting! I used to do some stuff using Maya, but now I don't have it on computer. Might go back to it!
Anyways, the monkeys looks good! Keep on the road :D

~onilika

Very cool stuff, great work :D

From: ReadySteadyGo
Gourad shading is easy, I've already started it. You just need the vertex normals (which my parser already stores) and rasterize triangles with interpolation between the 3 colours.

Wat.

woo the blender monkey!


and yea that would be cool to have a community simba game, like blender has that game they've been working on

what genre?

How fast is it?

E: That is actually pretty fast..! Well done! now add rotation :D

Threads like this make me feel so retarded

Thank you for the comments guys :)

Gouraud implementation:
Looks absolutely dreadful, it could be to do with the Z order. I'm also not sure how all the smudges are being formed. I think I need to try with simpler models so I can be sure I have the basics right.

I also played around with the colour and rotation a little bit. I'm getting ghost colours so I'm not sure if I've fudged a calculation somewhere.

program new;

// hit Q to stop


const
  SHADE = FALSE;
  FILE_NAME = 'monkey.obj';

  SCREEN_WIDTH = 600;
  SCREEN_HEIGHT = 400;

type

  TPoint3D = record
    x, y, z: Extended;
  end;
  TVector3D = TPoint3D;

  TMatrix3x3 = record
    Data: Array of Extended;
  end;

  TMatrix4x4 = record
    Data: Array[0..15] of Extended;
  end;

  TTriangleFace = record
    a, b, c: Integer;
  end;

  TEntity = record
    Name: String;
    Vertices: Array of TPoint3D;
    VertexNormals: Array of TPoint3D;
    Faces: Array of TTriangleFace;
    FaceNormals: Array of TVector3D;
    WorldPosition: TPoint3D;
  end;

  TLight = record
    Direction: TVector3D;
  end;


var
  MainForm: TForm;
  StartButton: TButton;


function Point3D(x, y, z: Extended): TPoint3D;
begin
  Result.x := x;
  Result.y := y;
  Result.z := z;
end;

function Vector3D(x, y, z: Extended): TVector3D;
begin
  Result.x := x;
  Result.y := y;
  Result.z := z;
end;

function Multiply_Point3D_Matrix3x3(p: TPoint3D; m: TMatrix3x3): TPoint3D;
begin
  Result.x := (m.Data[0] * p.x) + (m.Data[1] * p.y) + (m.Data[2] * p.z);
  Result.y := (m.Data[3] * p.x) + (m.Data[4] * p.y) + (m.Data[5] * p.z);
  Result.z := (m.Data[6] * p.x) + (m.Data[7] * p.y) + (m.Data[8] * p.z);
end;

function DeclareLighting: Array of TLight;
begin
  SetLength(Result, 1);

  Result[0].Direction := Vector3D(1.0, -1.0, 0.5);
end;

procedure DrawLine(c: TCanvas; p1, p2: TPoint; Color: Integer);
begin
  c.Pen.Color := Color;
  c.MoveTo(p1.x, p1.y);
  c.LineTo(p2.x, p2.y);
end;

procedure DrawPixel(c: TCanvas; x, y, Color: Integer);
begin
  DrawLine(c, Point(x, y), Point(x, y+1), Color);
end;

function InterpolateColor(c1, c2: Integer; Percentage: Extended): Integer;
var
  c1r, c1g, c1b, c2r, c2g, c2b, R, G, B: Integer;
begin
  ColorToRGB(c1, c1r, c1g, c1b);
  ColorToRGB(c2, c2r, c2g, c2b);


  R := Round((c1r * Percentage + c2r * (1 - Percentage)));
  G := Round((c1g * Percentage + c2g * (1 - Percentage)));
  B := Round((c1b * Percentage + c2b * (1 - Percentage)));

  Result := RGBtoColor(R, G, B);
end;

procedure DrawTriangle(const Canvas: TCanvas; const p1, p2, p3: TPoint; Color: TIntegerArray; Gouroud:Boolean);
var
  DxyLeft, DxyRight, NewDxyRight, xs, xe, tv1, tv2, percenta, percentb: Extended;
  i, j, a, b: Integer;
begin
  tv1 := (p3.x-p1.x);
  tv2 := (p3.y-p1.y);
  DxyLeft := tv1/tv2;
  tv1 := p2.x-p1.x;
  tv2 := p2.y-p1.y;
  DxyRight := tv1/tv2;

  if (p2.y <> p3.y) then
  begin
    tv1 := p2.x-p3.x;
    tv2 := p2.y-p3.y;
    NewDxyRight := tv1/tv2;
  end;

  xs := p1.x;
  xe := p1.x;

  if p2.y > p1.y then
    for i := p1.y to p3.y do
    begin
      if Gouroud then
      begin


          if i <= p2.y then
          begin
            percenta := ((100.0 / (p2.y - p1.y)) * (i - p1.y))/100; //(i - p1.y)/(p2.y - p1.y); //
            a := InterpolateColor(Color[1], Color[0], percenta);
          end else
          begin
            percenta := ((100.0 / (p3.y - p2.y)) * (i - p2.y))/100;
            a := InterpolateColor(Color[2], Color[1], percenta);
          end;
          percentb := ((100.0 / (p3.y - p1.y)) * (i - p1.y))/100; //(i - p1.y)/(p3.y - p1.y); //
          b := InterpolateColor(Color[2], Color[0], percentb);


        if p2.x > p3.x then
          for j := round(xs) to round(xe) do
          begin
            if xs = xe then
              DrawPixel(Canvas, j, i, Color[0])
            else
              DrawPixel(Canvas, j, i, InterpolateColor(a, b, ((100 / (xe - xs)) * (j - xs))/100));  //(j - xs)/(xe - xs)));
          end
        else
          for j := round(xs) downto round(xe) do
          begin
            if xs = xe then
              DrawPixel(Canvas, j, i, Color[0])
            else
              DrawPixel(Canvas, j, i, InterpolateColor(a, b, ((100 / (xe - xs)) * (j - xs))/100));  //(j - xs)/(xe - xs)));
          end;
      end else
        DrawLine(Canvas, Point(round(xs), i), Point(round(xe), i), Color[0]);
      xs := xs + DxyLeft;
      xe := xe + DxyRight;

      if i = p2.y then
        DxyRight := NewDxyRight;
    end
  else
    for i := p1.y downto p3.y do
    begin
      if Gouroud then
      begin

        percenta := ((100.0 / (p1.y - p2.y)) * (i - p2.y))/100; //(i - p1.y)/(p2.y - p1.y); //
        a := InterpolateColor(Color[0], Color[1], percenta);
        b := InterpolateColor(Color[0], Color[2], percenta);

        for j := round(xs) to round(xe) do
        begin
          if xs = xe then
            DrawPixel(Canvas, j, i, Color[0])
          else
            DrawPixel(Canvas, j, i, InterpolateColor(a, b, ((100 / (xe - xs)) * (j - xs))/100));  //(j - xs)/(xe - xs)));
        end
      end else
        DrawLine(Canvas, Point(round(xs), i), Point(round(xe), i), Color[0]);
      xs := xs - DxyLeft;
      xe := xe - DxyRight;
    end;
end;

procedure ShadeTriangle(const Canvas: TCanvas; const p1, p2, p3: TPoint; Color: TIntegerArray; Gouroud:Boolean);
var
  tpay: TPointArray;
  CA: TIntegerArray;
  i: Integer;
begin
  tpay := [p1, p2, p3];
  SortTPAByY(tpay, True);

  Setlength(CA, 3);

  if Gouroud then
  begin
    for i := 0 to 2 do
      if tpay[i] = p1 then
        CA[i] := Color[0]
      else
        if tpay[i] = p2 then
          CA[i] := Color[1]
        else
          if tpay[i] = p3 then
            CA[i] := Color[2];
  end else
    CA[0] := Color[0];

  if (tpay[0].y = tpay[1].y) and (tpay[0].y = tpay[2].y) and (tpay[1].y = tpay[2].y) then
    Exit;

  if (tpay[0].y = tpay[1].y) then
  begin
    if tpay[0].x > tpay[1].x then
      DrawTriangle(Canvas, tpay[2], tpay[0], tpay[1], [CA[2], CA[0], CA[1]], Gouroud)
    else
      DrawTriangle(Canvas, tpay[2], tpay[1], tpay[0], [CA[2], CA[1], CA[0]], Gouroud);
    Exit;
  end else
    if (tpay[1].y = tpay[2].y) then
    begin
      if tpay[2].x > tpay[1].x then
        DrawTriangle(Canvas, tpay[0], tpay[2], tpay[1], [CA[0], CA[2], CA[1]], Gouroud)
      else
        DrawTriangle(Canvas, tpay[0], tpay[1], tpay[2], [CA[0], CA[1], CA[2]], Gouroud);
      Exit;
    end;

  DrawTriangle(Canvas, tpay[0], tpay[1], tpay[2], [CA[0], CA[1], CA[2]], Gouroud)
end;

function SplitRegExprEx(Expr, Data: string): TStringArray;
var
  DataArr: TStringList;
  I: integer;
begin
  DataArr := TStringList.Create;
  try
    SplitRegExpr(Expr, Data, DataArr);
    SetArrayLength(Result, DataArr.Count);
    for I := 0 to DataArr.Count - 1 do
      Result[I] := DataArr.Strings[I];
  finally
    DataArr.Free;
  end;
end;

function CombineStringArrays(const a: Array of TStringArray): TStringArray;
var
  i, j, c, l, h: Integer;
begin
  h := High(a);
  for i := 0 to h do
    IncEx(l, Length(a[i]));

  SetLength(Result, l);

  c := 0;

  for i := 0 to h do
    for j := 0 to High(a[i]) do
    begin
      Result[c] := a[i][j];
      Inc(c);
    end;
end;

function LoadEntity(FileName: String): TEntity;
var
  OBJFile: Longint;
  OBJString: String;
  i, c, a, b, f, SLength, tl: integer;
  S: TStringArray;
  SL: Array of TStringArray;
  Face: TStringArray;
  TmpVertexNormals: Array of TVector3D;
begin
  OBJFile := OpenFile(FileName, True);
  ReadFileString(OBJFile, OBJString, FileSize(OBJFile));
  CloseFile(OBJFile);
  S := SplitRegExprEx('\n', OBJString);

  SLength := Length(S);
  SetLength(SL, SLength);

  c := 0;

  for i := 0 to SLength-1 do
  begin
    if Length(S[i]) <> 0 then
      if not ExecRegExpr('#', S[i]) then
      begin
        SL[c] := SplitRegExprEx('\s', S[i]);
        Inc(c);
      end;
  end;

  SetLength(SL, c);
  tl := Length(SL);
  SetLength(Result.Vertices, tl);
  SetLength(TmpVertexNormals, tl);
  SetLength(Result.Faces, tl);
  SetLength(Result.VertexNormals, tl);

  a := 0;
  b := 0;
  f := 0;
  for i := 0 to c-1 do

    if SL[i][0] = 'v' then
    begin
      Result.Vertices[a] := Point3d(StrToFloat(SL[i][1]), StrToFloat(SL[i][2]), StrToFloat(SL[i][3]));
      Inc(a);
    end else

      if SL[i][0] = 'vn' then
      begin
        TmpVertexNormals[b] := Vector3d(StrToFloat(SL[i][1]), StrToFloat(SL[i][2]), StrToFloat(SL[i][3]));
        Inc(b);
      end else

        if SL[i][0] = 'f' then
        begin
          Face := CombineStringArrays([SplitRegExprEx('\/', SL[i][1]),
                                       SplitRegExprEx('\/', SL[i][2]),
                                       SplitRegExprEx('\/', SL[i][3])]);

          Result.Faces[f].a := StrToInt(Face[0])-1;
          Result.Faces[f].b := StrToInt(Face[3])-1;
          Result.Faces[f].c := StrToInt(Face[6])-1;

          //WriteLn(Result.Faces[f]);
          Result.VertexNormals[Result.Faces[f].a] := TmpVertexNormals[StrToInt(Face[2])-1];
          Result.VertexNormals[Result.Faces[f].b] := TmpVertexNormals[StrToInt(Face[5])-1];
          Result.VertexNormals[Result.Faces[f].c] := TmpVertexNormals[StrToInt(Face[8])-1];

          Inc(f);
        end;

  SetLength(Result.Vertices, a);
  SetLength(Result.VertexNormals, a);
  SetLength(Result.Faces, f);
  Result.Name := FILE_NAME;
  Result.WorldPosition := Point3D(0, 0, 5.0);
end;

function PerspectiveProject(Vertices: Array of TPoint3D): TPointArray;
var
  h, i: Integer;
begin
  SetLength(Result, Length(Vertices));
  h := High(Vertices);

  for i := 0 to h do
    with Result[i] do
    begin
      x := Round((Vertices[i].x * (1.0 / Vertices[i].z)) * 400);
      y := Round((Vertices[i].y * (1.0 / Vertices[i].z)) * 400);
    end;
end;

function RotatePointsY(p: Array of TPoint3D; pheta{radians}: Extended): Array of TPoint3D;
var
  m: TMatrix3x3;
  i, l: integer;
begin
  SetLength(m.Data, 9);
  m.Data := [Cos(pheta), 0, Sin(pheta),
                   0, 1, 0,
                   -Sin(pheta), 0, Cos(pheta)];
  //WriteLn(p);

  l := Length(p);
  SetLength(Result, l);
  for i := 0 to l-1 do
    Result[i] := Multiply_Point3D_Matrix3x3(p[i], m);

  //WriteLn(Result);
end;

function V_Subtract(vr1, vr2: TVector3D): TVector3D;
begin
  Result.x := vr1.x - vr2.x;
  Result.y := vr1.y - vr2.y;
  Result.z := vr1.z - vr2.z;
end;

function Dot(vr1, vr2: TVector3D): Extended;
begin
    Result := vr1.x * vr2.x + vr1.y * vr2.y + vr1.z * vr2.z;
end;

function Cross(vr1, vr2: TVector3D): TVector3D;
begin
    Result := Vector3D(   (vr1.y * vr2.z) - (vr1.z * vr2.y),
                                        (vr1.z * vr2.x) - (vr1.x * vr2.z),
                                        (vr1.x * vr2.y) - (vr1.y * vr2.x));
end;

function BackfaceCull(var e: TEntity): array of Boolean;
var
  u, v, CameraVector: TVector3D;
  p1, p2, p3: TPoint3D;
  i, Len: Integer;
  Check: Extended;
begin
  Len := Length(e.Faces);
  SetLength(Result, Len);
  SetLength(e.FaceNormals, Len);
  for i := 0 to Len-1 do
  begin
    p1 := e.Vertices[e.Faces[i].a];
    p2 := e.Vertices[e.Faces[i].b];
    p3 := e.Vertices[e.Faces[i].c];
    u := V_Subtract(p2, p1);
    v := V_Subtract(p3, p1);

    e.FaceNormals[i] := Cross(u, v);

    CameraVector := Vector3D(0, 0, 1);

    Check := Dot(e.FaceNormals[i], CameraVector);

    Result[i] := Check >= 0;
  end;
end;

function CalculateFaceColor(FaceNormal: TVector3D; Lighting: Array of TLight): Integer;
var
  Len, i: Integer;
  a: Extended;
begin
  Len := Length(Lighting);
  for i := 0 to Len-1 do
    a := Dot(Lighting[i].Direction, FaceNormal);

  Result := HSLToColor(10, 50, 100 - (100*a));
end;

procedure Render(Cube: TEntity; Lighting: Array of TLight; Rotation: Extended);
var
  i, L, Offsetx, Offsety, t, FaceColor, c1, c2, c3: Integer;
  mbmp: TMufasaBitmap;
  tbmp: TBitmap;
  CubePoints: TPointArray;
  Backfaces: Array of Boolean;
begin

  t := GetSystemTime;

  L := Length(Cube.Vertices);

  Cube.Vertices := RotatePointsY(Cube.Vertices, radians(Rotation));

  Backfaces := BackfaceCull(Cube);

  for i := 0 to L-1 do                                        // change to Matrix transformation if speed permits
  begin
    Cube.Vertices[i].x := Cube.Vertices[i].x + Cube.WorldPosition.x;
    Cube.Vertices[i].y := Cube.Vertices[i].y + Cube.WorldPosition.y;
    Cube.Vertices[i].z := Cube.Vertices[i].z + Cube.WorldPosition.z;
  end;

  //WriteLn(Cube.Vertices);
  CubePoints := PerspectiveProject(Cube.Vertices);

  Offsetx := SCREEN_WIDTH / 2;
  Offsety := SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2;

  for i := 0 to L - 1 do
  begin
    CubePoints[i].x := CubePoints[i].x + Offsetx;
    CubePoints[i].y := (-CubePoints[i].y) + Offsety;
  end;

  mbmp := TMufasaBitmap.Create;
  mbmp.SetSize(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT);
  //mbmp.DrawTPA(CubePoints, clWhite);
  tbmp := mbmp.ToTBitmap;

  //WriteLn(CubePoints[Cube.Faces[2].b]);

  for i := 0 to High(Cube.Faces) do
  begin
    if Backfaces[i] then
      Continue;
    //FaceColor := CalculateFaceColor(Cube.FaceNormals[i], Lighting);
    //ShadeTriangle(tbmp.Canvas, CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].a], CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].b], CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].c], [FaceColor], False);

    c1 := CalculateFaceColor(Cube.VertexNormals[Cube.Faces[i].a], Lighting);
    c2 := CalculateFaceColor(Cube.VertexNormals[Cube.Faces[i].b], Lighting);
    c3 := CalculateFaceColor(Cube.VertexNormals[Cube.Faces[i].c], Lighting);

    ShadeTriangle(tbmp.Canvas, CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].a], CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].b], CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].c], [c1, c2, c3], True);

    //WriteLn(Cube.FaceNormals[i]);
    {for j := 0 to 2 do
    begin
      fp1 := j;
      fp2 := (j+1) mod 3;
      //Writeln(i);
      case fp1 of
        0: p1 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].a];
        1: p1 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].b];
        2: p1 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].c];
      end;
      case fp2 of
        0: p2 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].a];
        1: p2 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].b];
        2: p2 := CubePoints[Cube.Faces[i].c];
      end;
      //writeln(p1);
      DrawLine(tbmp.Canvas, p1, p2, clBlack);
    end;     }
  end;

  mbmp.LoadFromTBitmap(tbmp);
  mbmp.DrawToCanvas(0, 0, MainForm.Canvas);
  WriteLn(GetSystemTime - t);
end;

procedure Start(Sender: TObject);
var
  Cube: TEntity;
  Lighting: Array of TLight;
  Rotation: Extended;
begin
  Cube := LoadEntity(FILE_NAME);
  Lighting := DeclareLighting;
  Rotation := 190.0;

  Render(Cube, Lighting, Rotation);

  {repeat
    if IsKeyDown(VK_RIGHT) then
    begin
      Rotation := Rotation + 10;
      Render(Cube, Lighting, Rotation);
    end;
    if IsKeyDown(VK_LEFT) then
    begin
      Rotation := Rotation - 10;
      Render(Cube, Lighting, Rotation);
    end;
    if IsKeyDown(51) then
      Break;
    Wait(400);
  until False;     }
end;

procedure InitForm;
begin
  MainForm := TForm.Create(nil);

  with MainForm do
  begin
    Caption := 'Pumbaa';
    Width := SCREEN_WIDTH;
    Height := SCREEN_HEIGHT;
    Position := poScreenCenter;
  end;

  StartButton := TButton.Create(MainForm);
  with StartButton do
  begin
    Parent := MainForm;
    Caption := 'Start';
    OnClick := @Start;
  end;



end;

procedure SafeInitForm;
var
  v: TVariantArray;
begin
  setarraylength(V, 0);
  ThreadSafeCall('InitForm', v);
end;

procedure ShowFormModal;
begin
  MainForm.ShowModal;
end;

procedure SafeShowFormModal;
var
  v: TVariantArray;
begin
  setarraylength(V, 0);
  ThreadSafeCall('ShowFormModal', v);
end;

procedure ShowForm;
begin
  SafeInitForm;
  SafeShowFormModal;
end;

begin
  ShowForm;
end.              

For gouraud shading, don't u need a hell of a lot more polygons/shapes on the monkey? Like wayyyyyy more triangles?

From: ggzz
For gouraud shading, don't u need a hell of a lot more polygons/shapes on the monkey? Like wayyyyyy more triangles?

It depends on the model. For the monkey, yes because it's detailed. Simpler things can still use gouraud shading effectively though.

The third one, I posted looks slightly better as I adjusted the lighting.

Another issue is that I'm not using z-sorting atm, so it not dealing with concave areas well at all, there is no order in the way faces are being rendered.

A couple of people have made very simple 2d things before in SCAR afaik, I remember making a very very simple rotating cube/object thing. This, however far surpasses everything done before. Very very cool.

RSG, I could look into exporting the OGL API to scripts if that would help. I think Dgby had started some work on this actually. Then you could do this with hardware acceleration.

From: Dan Cardin
A couple of people have made very simple 2d things before in SCAR afaik, I remember making a very very simple rotating cube/object thing. This, however far surpasses everything done before. Very very cool.

Well, me and almost have been messing around with 3D in Simba a lot, but it's true, this surpasses that by several miles :p

From: Wizzup?
RSG, I could look into exporting the OGL API to scripts if that would help. I think Dgby had started some work on this actually. Then you could do this with hardware acceleration.

That would help an insane amount. It was quite fun doing it within the virtual computer that simba provides, a great learning opportunity to learn how this stuff is actually done. But having the opengl API would make it actually possible to make realtime 3D games in Simba, which can only be a good thing for this community. Simba is a fantastic tool to learn with.

Thank you Zyt3x and Dan Cardin :P. It's not actually that big of a step from a simple cube. I've just added a parser so polygons can be created in 3D software.

From: Wizzup?
RSG, I could look into exporting the OGL API to scripts if that would help. I think Dgby had started some work on this actually. Then you could do this with hardware acceleration.

You didn't want to do that last time I asked you :@ oh well, late is better than never

From: Wizzup?
RSG, I could look into exporting the OGL API to scripts if that would help. I think Dgby had started some work on this actually. Then you could do this with hardware acceleration.

I was just using the opengl library when I did that.

Ohh that's some cool stuff! Going to play around with it later :D

From: Zyt3x
You didn't want to do that last time I asked you :@ oh well, late is better than never

I still don't want to do it, but I'm just saying it's very possible. If someone else feels like adding it, they should feel free to do that. :p

This is one of the coolest things I've ever seen done with Simba. Great work man!

I agree openGL API support would be sweet, although I can't say I would have the slightest clue on where to start with any of that….

Anyway, looks bad ass, nice job.

From: jakeyboy29
Threads like this make me feel so retarded

I feel the same way…

I could write a tutorial, if enough people are interested.

I would be interested - however, I know that it would be way over my head.

Sorry - not the kind of interest you were looking for. :)

But I am sure there are others who would love it.

I recently discovered this thread and I am realy impressed. I must say I was thinking myself about creating a Render- or Physicsengine.
But my knowledge of maths (matrices etc) are at the moment.
Could you make a tut I would be really glad. Or at least refer to some good sources?
(I am using such engines very often, but never understood how to code one)

From: Gala
I recently discovered this thread and I am realy impressed. I must say I was thinking myself about creating a Render- or Physicsengine.
But my knowledge of maths (matrices etc) are at the moment.
Could you make a tut I would be really glad. Or at least refer to some good sources?
(I am using such engines very often, but never understood how to code one)

Hi Gala. Cool that you're interested. What exactly would you like to know? The knowledge you really need is Vectors, Matrixes and how to manipulate them. Once you understand these principles it becomes very simple. Try reading through my code, I tried to keep it rather clean. Let me know if there are any specifics that you are interested in.

I have a good knowledge of vectors and I am learning matrixes right now. I already took a look at your script, but I couldnt understand several parts. Could you explain how exactly you used matrixes to render it? (the idea behind)

Hi Gala,

What you need to do is look into what you're actually doing. You have a view point, a plane (your screen), and the points on the object that you'd like to project. For each point you need to work out the intersection between that point and the view point. That is the idea, it's very simple. You can connect these points to draw a wireframe. Where it get's more complicated is when you want to light and shade the object. Try rendering the wireframe of a cube to get started playing with it.

Let me know how it goes!

edit: I just reread what you wrote. All matrices are used for it flexibility of working with vectors. You can do it all with just multiplication and trigonometry. Forget about matrixes until you have a good working knowledge of 3D vectors. They don't provide anything useful until you need to manipulate everything in a flexible way.

@ReadySteadyGo

I think I got the matrixes now. I really want to learn shading/rendering with matrixes, because my final goal is a simple game engine with matrixes/vectors, like in minecraft. (With simple, I mean really simple things like basic friction, gravity and collision.) Dynamic physics is more important than shading, so I think I won't struggle with anything other than the simple shader in your first post.

btw: Where do you get documentations about the .obj file?

From: Gala
@ReadySteadyGo

I think I got the matrixes now. I really want to learn shading/rendering with matrixes, because my final goal is a simple game engine with matrixes/vectors, like in minecraft. (With simple, I mean really simple things like basic friction, gravity and collision.) Dynamic physics is more important than shading, so I think I won't struggle with anything other than the simple shader in your first post.

btw: Where do you get documentations about the .obj file?

Cool.

A wavefront obj file is a text based format, so I didn't need any documentation, it's readable. 'v' = vertex, 'vt' = vertex texture, 'f' = face.